Publications Articles
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Article
Immigrant Children and Urban Schools: Evidence from NYC on Segregation and its Consequences
For several decades, social scientists have tracked the fiscal health of American central cities with some degree of concern. Suburbanization, spawned by technological innovations, consumer preferences, and at least to some extent by government policy, has selectively pulled affluent households out of urban jurisdictions. The leaders of these jurisdictions are left with the prospect of satisfying more concentrated demands for services with a dwindling tax base, realizing that further increasing the burden they place on residents will simply drive more of them away. In the process, cities have become concentrated centers of poverty, joblessness, crime, and other social pathologies.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Katherine O’Regan, and Amy Ellen Schwartz. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs . December 2001.
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Article
NAFTA’s Investment Protections and the Division of Authority for Land Use and Environmental Controls
My claim in this Article is a narrow one. I take no stand here on whether the “takings” provisions in NAFTA and other investor protection or free trade agreements are, on balance, wealth-maximizing, or desirable from some other normative perspective. Nor do I take a position on whether the existing allocation of authority for land use and environmental regulation among federal, state, and local governments is optimal. Instead, my goal is to highlight the consequences [32 ELR 11002] investor protection provisions could have for that allocation, and thereby seek to ensure that those consequences are taken into account in discussions about the wisdom of including such protections in bilateral and multilateral free trade or investment agreements.
Been, Vicki. Environmental Law Reporter . December 2001.
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Article
Neighborhood Effects on Health: Exploring the Links and Assessing the Evidence
This article explores the possible causal pathways through which neighborhoods might affect health and then reviews the existing evidence. Although methodological issues make the literature inconclusive, the authors offer a provisional hypothesis for how neighborhoods shape health outcomes. They hypothesize that neighborhoods may primarily influence health in two ways: first, through relatively short-term influences on behaviors, attitudes, and health-care utilization, thereby affecting health conditions that are most immediately responsive to such influences; and second, through a longer-term process of “weathering,” whereby the accumulated stress, lower environmental quality, and limited resources of poorer communities, experienced over many years, erodes the health of residents in ways that make them more vulnerable to mortality from any given disease. Finally, drawing on the more extensive research that has been done exploring the effects of neighborhoods on education and employment, the authors suggest several directions for future research.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Tod Mijanovich, and Keri-Nicole Dillman. Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(3-4), pp. 391-408 . August 2001.
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Article
Building Homes, Reviving Neighborhoods: Spillovers from Subsidized Construction of Owner-Occupied Housing in New York City
This article examines the impact of two New York City homeownership programs on surrounding property values. Both programs, the Nehemiah Program and the Partnership New Homes program, subsidize the construction of affordable owner-occupied homes in distressed neighborhoods. Our results show that during the past two decades prices of properties in the rings surrounding the homeownership projects have risen relative to their ZIP codes. Results suggest that part of that rise is attributable to the affordable homeownership programs.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Michael H. Schill, Scott Susin, and Amy Ellen Schwartz. Journal of Housing Research, 12 (2), pp. 185-216 . June 2001.
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Article
Race-Based Neighborhood Projection: A Proposed Framework for Understanding New Data
This paper outlines the race-based, neighbourhood projection hypothesis which holds that, in choosing neighbourhoods, households care less about present racial composition than they do about expectations about future neighbourhood conditions, such as school quality, property values and crime. Race remains relevant, however, since households tend to associate a growing minority presence with structural decline. Using a unique data-set that links households to their neighbourhoods, this paper estimates both exit and entry models and then constructs a simple simulation model that predicts the course of racial change in different communities. Doing so, the paper concludes that the empirical evidence is more consistent with the race-based projection hypothesis than with other common explanations for neighbourhood racial transition.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Urban Studies, 37(9), pp. 1513-1533 . July 2000.
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Article
Is Segregation Bad for Your Health? The Case of Low Birth Weight
This paper explores the relationship between racial segregation and racial disparities in the prevalence of low birth weight. The paper has two parallel motivations. First, the disparities between black and white mothers in birth outcomes are large and persistent. Second, while there is a growing literature on the costs of racial segregation it has largely focused on economic outcomes such as education and employment.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, pp. 203-229 . December 1999.
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Article
Nativity Differences in Neighborhood Quality Among New York City Households, 1996
In this paper we add to the literature on locational attainment of immigrants by focusing on a broader range of neighborhood quality indicators that has been done before and by examining the foreign-born contingent of a given ethnic group separately from the native-born contingent of that group. Specifically, we evaluate in New York City how immigrant households compare to native-born households, overall and by race and ethnicity, with respect to neighborhood characteristics such as crime, health outcomes, poverty, and unsafe housing.
Rosenbaum, Emily, Samantha Friedman, Michael H. Schill and Hielke Buddelmeyer. Housing Policy Debate, Volume 10, Issue 3 . October 1999.
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Article
Spatial Inequality and the Distribution of Industrial Toxic Releases: Evidence From the 1990 TRI
This research investigates environmental justice activists’ claims that pollution is unevenly distributed across communities in the United States. We examine three possible explanations for environmental inequity: racial discrimination, economic stratification, and urban ecology.
Daniels, Glynis and Samantha Friedman. Social Science Quarterly, 80 (2) . March 1999.
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Article
The Impact of the Capital Markets on Real Estate Law and Practice
Over the past twenty years, the real estate markets of the United States have been swept by enormous change. A sector of the economy that had long been resistant to change, real estate has been and is continuing to be transformed by the process of securitization on both the debt and equity side. Just twenty years ago, the vast majority of single family residential mortgage loans were provided by local banks or savings and loan associations that held the debt in their portfolios until maturity or prepayment. Today, most single family mortgage debt is sold into the secondary mortgage market and converted into securities. Ten years ago, mortgage loans for commercial properties were largely originated and held by commercial banks, pension funds or insurance companies. In recent years, with the exception of the meltdown of the commercial mortgage-backed securities market in the summer of 1998, the proportion of commercial loans that were securitized rapidly grew. Just six or seven years ago, real estate investment trusts (REITs) were commonly thought of as the investment entity that crashed and burned in the 1970s. In the last two or three years, however, REITs have increasingly come to be seen as a dominant, if not preeminent ownership vehicle in many real estate markets throughout the nation.
Schill, Michael H. John Marshall Law Review, 32, pp. 269-88 . December 1998.
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Article
The Redevelopment of Distressed Public Housing: Early Results from HOPE VI Projects
The redevelopment of distressed public housing under the Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program, or HOPE VI, has laudable social, physical, community, and economic goals. Three public housing projects in Atlanta, Chicago, and San Antonio demonstrate the complexity and trade-offs of trying to lessen the concentration of low-income households, leverage private resources, limit project costs, help residents achieve economic self-sufficiency, design projects that blend into the community, and ensure meaningful resident participation in project planning.
Salama, Jerry J. Housing Policy Debate, 10 (1), pp. 95-142 . December 1998.
affordable housing, neighborhoods, public housing, subsidized housing
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